Tambov Region is the second largest in the Central-Cherozemny Economic Region of Russia (Chernozem means “black earth”, fertile soil). During the Soviet years, it was home to many chemical and defense enterprises. Following the collapse of the USSR in the 90s, the region saw a sharp decline in production, up to a complete shutdown of some enterprises. The region's economy went down, there was a significant outflow of population.

Thirty years later the effect is still present, the region's population is almost 1.5 times smaller than it was in the late Soviet period. It is also one of the oldest populations in the country, with 30% over the working age and only 15% under 16.

However, in recent years, there were steady positive dynamics in the region’s economy, its core being the agro-industrial complex. More than 80% of the territory is used in agriculture. Tambov Region ranks among Russia's top producers of grain, soybeans, pork, alcohol and sugar.